Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.A.1
Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).
Sample 1
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.A.2
Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.A.3
Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.A.4
Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate. Use calculators, spreadsheets, and tables to estimate areas under the normal curve.
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Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.B.5
Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal, and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.B.6
Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.B.6.A
Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the context. Emphasize linear, quadratic, and exponential models.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.B.6.B
Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.B.6.C
Fit a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association.
Sample Item
Interpret linear models
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.C.7
Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.C.8
Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.ID.C.9
Distinguish between correlation and causation.
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Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.A.1
Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.A.2
Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up with probability 0.5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model?
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Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.B.3
Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.B.4
Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.B.5
Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.IC.B.6
Evaluate reports based on data.
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Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.A.1
Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics (or categories) of the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events ("or," "and," "not").
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.A.2
Understand that two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B occurring together is the product of their probabilities, and use this characterization to determine if they are independent.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.A.3
Understand the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B), and interpret independence of A and B as saying that the conditional probability of A given B is the same as the probability of A, and the conditional probability of B given A is the same as the probability of B.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.A.4
Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and to approximate conditional probabilities. For example, collect data from a random sample of students in your school on their favorite subject among math, science, and English. Estimate the probability that a randomly selected student from your school will favor science given that the student is in tenth grade. Do the same for other subjects and compare the results.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.A.5
Recognize and explain the concepts of conditional probability and independence in everyday language and everyday situations. For example, compare the chance of having lung cancer if you are a smoker with the chance of being a smoker if you have lung cancer.
Sample Item
Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events.
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.B.6
Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of B's outcomes that also belong to A, and interpret the answer in terms of the model.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.B.7
Apply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.B.8
(+) Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model, P(A and B) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)P(A|B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.CP.B.9
(+) Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems.
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Calculate expected values and use them to solve problems
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.A.1
(+) Define a random variable for a quantity of interest by assigning a numerical value to each event in a sample space; graph the corresponding probability distribution using the same graphical displays as for data distributions.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.A.2
(+) Calculate the expected value of a random variable; interpret it as the mean of the probability distribution.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.A.3
(+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample space in which theoretical probabilities can be calculated; find the expected value. For example, find the theoretical probability distribution for the number of correct answers obtained by guessing on all five questions of a multiple-choice test where each question has four choices, and find the expected grade under various grading schemes.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.A.4
(+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample space in which probabilities are assigned empirically; find the expected value. For example, find a current data distribution on the number of TV sets per household in the United States, and calculate the expected number of sets per household. How many TV sets would you expect to find in 100 randomly selected households?
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Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.B.5
(+) Weigh the possible outcomes of a decision by assigning probabilities to payoff values and finding expected values.
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.B.5.A
Find the expected payoff for a game of chance. For example, find the expected winnings from a state lottery ticket or a game at a fast-food restaurant.
Sample Item
MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.B.5.B
Evaluate and compare strategies on the basis of expected values. For example, compare a high-deductible versus a low-deductible automobile insurance policy using various, but reasonable, chances of having a minor or a major accident.
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.B.6
(+) Use probabilities to make fair decisions (e.g., drawing by lots, using a random number generator).
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MATH.CONTENT.HSS.MD.B.7
(+) Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts (e.g., product testing, medical testing, pulling a hockey goalie at the end of a game).
